Thesis of Customer Satisfaction in Fast Food - 4413 Words

CHAPTER 1 Problem and It’s Background Customer satisfaction, a business term, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. It is seen as a key performance indicator within business and is part of the four perspectives of a Balanced Scorecard. In a competitive market place where businesses compete for customers, customer satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator and increasingly has become a key element of business strategy. Customer satisfaction is an ambiguous and abstract concept and the actual manifestation of the state of satisfaction will vary from person to person and product/service to product/service. The state of satisfaction depends on a number of both psychological†¦show more content†¦Being a customer in a restaurant or fast food we expect to satisfy our needs by receiving total customer satisfaction inside the establishment. When we satisfied our needs every time we went to restaurant the tendency is that we will always visit the restaurant because we knew that the said restaurant is giving high level of customer satisfaction. In a restaurant that giving high level of customer satisfaction the volume of customer going to their establishment will go up because the customer that would feel that they pumper to a restaurant would definitely repeating their visit in that restaurant. DEFINITION OF TERMS Consumer is a broad label for any individuals or households that use goods and services generated within the economy. The concept of a consumer occurs in different contexts, so that the usage and significance of the term may vary. Customer satisfaction, a term frequently used in marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. Customer satisfaction is defined as the number of customers, or percentage of total customers, whose reported experience with a firm, its products, or its services (ratings) exceeds specified satisfaction goals. In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing managers, 71 percent responded that they found a customer satisfaction metric very useful in managing and monitoring theirShow MoreRelatedKfc Service Quality925 Words   |  4 PagesREVIEW SERVICE QUALITY AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN KFC CHAINSTORES The purpose of this study is investigating the service quality of KFC chain stores and how the service quality affect customer satisfaction based on the theory of â€Å"service quality† and â€Å"customer satisfaction† and the Customer satisfaction survey in website: talktokfc.com. We do the literature reviewson some important concepts to make clearer about the service quality and the level of customer satisfaction in KFC chain stores in orderRead MoreCustomer Service Coming Right Up : A Thematic Analysis On Factors That Influence Customer Satisfaction1533 Words   |  7 Pages Great Customer Service Coming Right Up: a Thematic Analysis on Factors that Influence Customer Satisfaction By Ricky Poche’ Jr. â€Æ' ABSTRACT The abstract should be double spaced and indented. It should contain a summary of what you did and what you found. It is double spaced. APA manuals will show Keywords: listed after the abstract. We’re not doing that for the 498 thesis. Notice also that the word Abstract above has been bolded and is all caps. â€Æ' INTRODUCTION Going out to eatRead MoreLaunching Amazon.com Self Service Lockers Essay1510 Words   |  7 PagesLaunching Amazon.com self-service lockers In a modern fast paced world, people seek instant gratification. On a national level this can be seen in companies such as Mc Donald’s which have adopted this notion by preparing hot, quick food for customers. This can be delivered on a local level as well as we see in a company like Comet Cleaners which offers a same-day service. According to Entrepreneur and Online Marketing Expert, Neil Patel, â€Å"Humans are hardwired to want things -- now. It’s called instantRead MorePurchase Intentions And Motives Of A Casino1347 Words   |  6 PagesIntentions and Casino Motivations There is empirical evidence in the research that suggest the purchase intentions and motivations of a casino customer are through customer involvement. Brewer and Petrillose (2012) states, â€Å"By just simply offering the best products, services, or prices alone may not be enough ensure loyalty within a customers.† Customer involvement predicts whether consumers will purchase a good and what good they will decide to purchase (Park, Lee, Han, 2007, p. 126). With theRead MoreMarketing Research Topics1249 Words   |  5 PagesImportant Topics for Projects in Marketing Selection of research topic is the basic and important part of research report, thesis or dissertation. It requires a lot of energy, resources and time to choose an appropriate topic for the research. There are numerous factors which need to be taken into consideration before final selection of the research topic. For example a research topic should neither be too broad nor should be too narrow. Similarly, the topic should be researchable, interestingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis On Advertising884 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most famous companies that’s using it is McDonalds. McDonalds is one of the most popular(well-known) fast food companies on the world. It is known to its French fires and Hamgures Its main goal is to serve food with good standards and ensure customer satisfaction. McDonalds have Highly achieved sales of products and services is trough Advertising. Good way to write the thesis statement. McDonalds uses the appeals of rhetoric and visual images that contains rhetoric (why), to persuadeRead Moreproblem encounter by the fast food chain or restaurants11698 Words   |  47 Pagesand fast food chains are included in service businesses. A restaurant is an establishment which prepares and serves food and drinks or the so-called meals, which are generally eaten on premises, to customers in return for money. It originated from Ancient Rome where thermopolia, small-restaurant-bars, offered food and drinks to the costumer. A typical thermopolium had L-shaped counters into which large storage vessels were sunk, which contain either hot or cold foods. On the other hand, a fast foodRead MoreCustomer Satisfaction in the Practices in the Hotels/Inns and Resorts8670 Words   |  35 PagesCUSTOMER SATISFACTION ON THE PRACTICES OF THE HOTELS/INNS AND RESORTS IN THE FIRST DISTRICT OF ILOCOS SUR A Thesis Proposal Presented to The Faculty of Graduate School University of Northern Philippines Vigan City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Business Administration By: VIVENCIO C. PERALTA JR. 2011-2012 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM Introduction Throughout historyRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Restaurant Business Essay3568 Words   |  15 Pagesbusiness will be profitable business here. The restaurant aims to provide quality food to the customers and satisfy their needs and demands. The following business plan will explain about the detail explanation of the business, its model, strategy, design and other various financial and economic strategies. 2. Business Concept: Nowadays the restaurant business in Nepal especially in Kathmandu is very popular and it is a fast developing business (World Travel Guide, 2014). Every year amount of new restaurantsRead MoreSubway Market Research5005 Words   |  21 Pages1 INTRODUCTION Subway chain is the third largest fast food chain in the world after McDonald‟s and KFC. The first Subway was founded in 1965. The founder of the Subway chain, Fred De Luca, started running his restaurant business when he was only 17 years old. The first Subway restaurant was opened nine years after its foundation in Connecticut where the headquarter is now situated. (Subway Denmark) Now there are more than 30,000 Subway restaurants in 88 countries worldwide and it is the world‟s

The Controversial Debate Of Reparations - 973 Words

The topic of reparation is highly controversial debate, depending on who receive compensation in terms of ethnicity, race, or cultural heritage. For instance, several Native American tribal communities have received reparations for almost a complete eradication of their race by early American settlers. Jewish holocaust survivors have received reparations for the genocide of millions of their people during World War II by the Nazis. Also, Japanese Americans have been compensated for the forced internment they were subjected to during the Second World War by the United States government. However, African American has not been compensated for numerous wrongdoings they have encountered throughout American history. Should reparations be compensated to African Americans? This question sparks intense debates for those in favor and the opposition. There is no question on whether Africans American were once only consider as property without any rights to another human. During the antebellum era, the highest court of the land decided in the case of Scott v Sandiford that African American descended was not a citizens. This decision sparked events leading to the civil war. Or just consider second class citizens deserving of equal institutions but separated from white supremacists institutions. â€Å"For another century, we saw segregation and Jim Crow make a mockery of these amendments, and we saw justice turn a blind eye to mobs with nooses slung over trees,† president Obama. The case ofShow MoreRelatedSlavery Reparations Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesquestion is how to mend this pain. Have the ancestors of American slaves experienced troubles directly resulting from the actions of slavery that deserve reparations? Are the ancestors of slave owners experiencing prosperity that should be redistributed? Although slavery ha s been illegal in America for 143 years, the controversy over slavery reparations continue to cause controversy to this day. During the 1860’s, slavery was a huge part of life in the South and its effects touch many people and theirRead MoreTo What Extent Can Reparations Affect The Quality Of Life For African Americans? Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent can reparations affect the quality of life for African Americans? In the present paper a clear link will be made between segregation and slavery and an increased poverty rate in African Americans now, as well as an analysis of previous historical instances of reparations and how other instances of reparations from slavery set a precedent for reparations for African Americans. There will also be mention of past historical precedent and how, when reparations were given prior, theyRead MoreThe War Was Ended As An Armistice Of The Great War1252 Words   |  6 Pagessilent, the Great War was ended as an Armistice was signed with Germany. Two months later in January 1919, delegates from all over the world came to Paris to conclude the peace settlement that would end the war. Six months of intense discussions and debates ended up on the signing of Treaty of Versailles. Three major figures dominated the peace making, with the less noticeable presence of a forth one, that are namely: the American president Wilson, the French Prime Minister Clemenceau, and the BritishRead MoreThe Debate On Spanking Children753 Words   |  4 PagesThere is always two sides to every story and this is still very much the case in the debate on spanking children. Spanking is one of the most controversial and most debated topics of this century. Moreover, there seems to never be a middle road and debaters always feel very strongly one way or another. This topic in general quite often falls prey to the excluded extreme fallacy that one is either fully for spanking or fully against it; either way to the fullest extent. Some believe spanking is aRead MoreA Symbolic Activity Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagespeaceful future, governments must acknowledge and respond to the wrongs and injustices of the past. While there is an agreement between people that the process of reconciliation must acknowledge the wrongs of the past and the victims, many scholars debate about how such acknowledgments are best communicated, so that they will be sufficiently credible and ef fective in improving future relations. In fact, many argue that memory is crucially important as a response to past injustices, especially whenRead MoreThe Signing Of Executive Order 9066947 Words   |  4 PagesThe signing of Executive Order 9066 would be one of the most controversial topics in American history. On December 7th, 1941, shortly after 8:00 AM, the United States Naval Base, Pearl Harbor would be attacked by the Royal Japanese Navy. This attack would force the United States into World War II. With the nation enraged, President Roosevelt would sign one of the most controversial executive orders in American history. Executive Order 9066 was â€Å"authorizing the removal of any or all people from militaryRead MoreAffirmative Action : African American And Hispanic870 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunities for groups that were historically excluded it is still a form of discrimination itself. The preference of one race over another is discrimination despite the fact if the group is gaining benefits. Contemporary society still takes on the controversial debate over affirmative action in educational institutions and employment. Institutions are still pressured to accept more minorities even if they do not meet the full requirements such as in education or in employment. Racial preferences stigmatizeRead MoreThe War Guilt Clause And Reparations2609 Words   |  11 PagesThe mandate of Article(s) 231 and 232 , (respectively titled â€Å"The War Guilt Clause† and â€Å"Reparations†) of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28th, 1919 served as unintentional catalysts for the arise of revisionis m in post-war Germany, and its fall out of the international order following the Paris Peace Conference. These two articles politically, socially, and economically ravaged Germany, and created societal circumstances in which a totalitarian dictatorship (the National Socialist German WorkersRead MoreThe Warming Of Relations Between Cuba And The United States1285 Words   |  6 PagesA controversial subject,yet not spoken about enough,the warming of relations between Cuba and the U.S exists only due to the two countries having a rough past with each other. This â€Å"rough past† consists of aspects such as the protectorate status the U.S had previously put onto Cuba, which severely limited their independence and the U.S had, ironically, just helped them achieve. Some take a stance that we as countries should stay distant from each other due to our vast governmental and cultural differencesRead MoreNdi. In Sharp Contrast To South Africa, Burundi Officially1160 Words   |  5 Pagesunfairness and geopolitical prejudice in the debate surrounding individual accountability. Interestingly Fatou Bensouda, ICC chief prosecutor, announced in April 2016, the ICC’s plan of opening a preliminary investigation into acts of killing, imprisonment, torture, rape and other forms of sexual violence in Burundi. Being a nation on the verge of an ICC investigation that would have invariably found the top political leadership, including controversial President Pierre Nkrunziza, guilty of widespread

Evaluating Historical Views of Leadership free essay sample

This paper evaluates the leadership views of Plato, Aristotle, Lao-Tzu, and Machiavelli from the point of view of the modern military leader. The process of evaluation includes an examination of the commonalities and disparities between these views of leadership. The paper explores a definition of modern military leadership. The paper includes an assessment of the suitability of each of the aforementioned leadership views to be models for modern military leadership. Modern Military Leadership The stereotype of the drill sergeant in basic training is not the leadership described in this section. Military leadership is more comprehensive in scope as seen in the movies. The surprise is the value of morality in military leadership. Holding the moral high ground is the most important weapon in breaking the will of the enemy (Stallard, 2013). Sun Tzu (1994) in his work, The Art of War, began his discussion with the value of the moral law (as cited in Stallard, 2013). George Washington (1796) stated in his farewell address as President that religion and morality are indispensable in supporting patriotism (as cited in Stallard, 2013). The guiding principle of military leadership is the respect for human dignity (Mann, 2000). Military leadership involves many other traits. Military leadership involves the rigorous application of a system of orders and obedience resulting in a hierarchy (Mann, 2000). Within this system of orders and hierarchy, the military leader recognizes the value of the method of delivery of orders (Mann, 2000). This certainly stems from the respect for human dignity. The quality of performance is better when providing orders in a good atmosphere (Mann, 2000). A military leader must develop trust between him and the troops; the leader must possess an adequate degree of self-confidence (Mann, 2000). The military leader must be a philanthropist with an active interest in others; General Schwarzkopf during the Gulf war used the term love in showing respect for others (Mann, 2000). Imagination, gift for teamwork, convincing professional qualities, better than average intelligence, and good management abilities are all requirements for military leadership (Mann, 2000). Plato’s View Plato (1901) in his The Republic described the evils of democracy which lead to anarchy (as cited in Wren, 2013). The solution to the potential anarchy is the establishments of leaders who have the nature of leadership. All others are followers. The elect have qualities of a good memory and a quick study of learning to be noble, find the truth, justice, courage, temperance, and to know kindred (Plato, 1901, as cited in Wren, 2013). This view of leadership separates the leadership class and the follower class. The perfection of a leader comes with years of education (Plato, 1901, as cited in Wren, 2013). Aristotle’s View Aristotle (1900) believed a leader must first be a follower and the leader must excel over the followers (as cited in Wren, 2013). Aristotle (1900) continued with a leader is a good man and should consider the souls of men when creating laws (as cited in Wren, 2013). Lao-Tzu’s View Lao-Tzu believed the wise leader is (a) selfless, (b) works without complaint, (c) is unbiased (does not play favorites) and (d) has a policy nonintervention (Heider, 1985, as cited in Wren, 2013). Additionally, Lao-Tzu suggested that the group can lead itself having the presence of the leader felt (Heider, 1985, as cited in Wren, 2013). In Lao-Tzu’s view, the leader should not force his insights; the leader is a facilitator (Heider, 1985, as cited in Wren, 2013). Machiavelli’s View Machiavelli (1954) believed that the world in made up of the vulgar (as cited in Wren, 2013). In this word, the leaders (Princes) should have the appearance of good virtue. The Prince must establish and maintain his personal power by whatever means necessary including manipulation and deceit (Machiavelli, 1954, as cited in Wren, 2013). Men are vulgar and simple and easily governed. These men, when deceived, praise the Prince as being honorable (Machiavelli, 1954, as cited in Wren, 2013). Commonalities and Disparities There are two commonalities I will discuss (a) maintenance of authority, power, and order, and (b) the leader as a good man. A major theme in the ancient world view is that leaders have as their charge the maintenance of authority, power, and order. Plato (1901) suggested that the philosopher kings are to be rulers of the hive, the king himself, and other citizens (as cited in Wren, 2013). This implies the king is to maintain authority and order. Aristotle (1900) suggested that leaders should excel over their followers (as cited in Wren, 2013). This implies that leaders are good men. A key disparity in ancient views of leadership is the importance of good moral qualities that the leader should possess. Plato (1901) suggested that leaders be the friend of truth, gracious, noble, and espousing justice (as cited in Wren, 2013). On the other hand, Machiavelli (1954) suggested that the results are the most important element of the efforts of a leader and the leader should obtain the positive results by whatever means possible including manipulation and deceit (as cited in Wren, 2013). Analysis The various elements of military leadership as described in the Modern Military Leadership section can be summarized as (a) morality, (b) high level of training and skill, (c) maintenance of authority and order and (d) maintenance of a leadership hierarchy within the organization. From the review of the views of Plato, Aristotle, and Machiavelli, support for (a) high level of training and skill, (b) maintenance of authority and order and (c) maintenance of a leadership hierarchy was present. The views of Plato, Aristotle, and Lao-Tzu supported some forms of morality. Machiavelli did not support morality. He only supported the appearance of morality (Machiavelli, 1954, as cited in Wren, 2013). One can see that none of the ancient views of leadership exactly fits the model for the modern military leadership. Conclusion In conclusion, the leadership in our modern military takes into account many different views of leadership. From this study, one can see that elements of each of the ancient views of leadership exist in the design of modern military leadership. No one ancient view of leadership exactly matches the design of modern military leadership. The effectiveness of the modern military leadership model can be seen in examining the results of the Gulf War lead by General Schwarzkopf

Kid Cudi by Kid Cudi free essay sample

Scott Ramon Seguro Mescudi well known as â€Å"Kid Cudi† was born in Cleveland, Ohio on January 30, 1984. Growing up on the streets of Shaker Heights, as a teenager he attended Shaker Heights High School then transferred to Solon High School. His father, a Mexican-American, died of cancer when Cudi was twelve-years old. His mother, an African-American woman, had to raise him to do well in school and be successful. At age twenty, after dropping out of the University of Toledo, Kid Cudi moved to New York to pursue his music career. While he was located in New York he worked for famous clothing line â€Å"BAPE† which help him with the production of his first mix tape called â€Å"A KID NAMED CUDI†. Rated one of the best rookies of the year in the Hip-Hop culture, his mix tape proved that he will be someone to look up to in the incoming year. After famous rapper â€Å"Kanye West† heard his mix tape he decided to sign him to G. We will write a custom essay sample on Kid Cudi by Kid Cudi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page O.O.D (Getting Out Our Dreams) recording studios, Kid Cudi made a big step in his career. Kid Cudi was featured in Kanye’s album â€Å"808’s Heartbreak† in the song â€Å"Welcome to Heartbreak.† Cudi’s music is unique to me, focusing more on his life, I can relate to Kid Cudi in many ways. He talks about the struggles through his life, his high school problems, and been broken when his father died. I can relate to his music because I also had problems growing up and also loosing my mother when I was eight years-old. I listen to his music because I feel good knowing that there is someone that I can relate to. Cudi’s personality is said to be goofy like a little kid, which resembles to his name â€Å"KID CUDI†, which I can relate to also because I tend to be goofy myself. Releasing two hit singles â€Å"Day-n-Nite† and â€Å"Make Her Say† has made Cudi a fast growing rapper in the hip-hop culture. Recently released antici pated album â€Å"Man on the Moon: The End of the Day† sold more than 100,000 copies in one week. Rank in the Top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 charts. His album is compared as a little person taking a trip through his brain and the events of his life. Cudi has also been featured in the video game â€Å"Midnight Club: Los Angeles† with his track â€Å"Switching Lanes†. Also producing his own trailer to the most anticipated movie of the year â€Å"Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen† with his track â€Å"Sky Might Fall† in the background of the trailer. Cudi has also been featured with many great artists like: Jay-Z, Shakkira, Kanye West, Common, Big Sean, and Mr. Hudson. Cudi has all the qualities of a great music rookie. Many Kid Cudi fans are questioning what Cudi’s plans are for the new year, still unknown, we as fans have to wait to what he has for us and support his career. As a fan of Kid Cudi I rate his album a 9.5 out of 10. Still I e ncourage you if you haven’t heard Kid Cudi to do so, and you will not be unsatisfied. So go out and buy his album and if you haven’t done so, support Kid Cudi in his music career to success.

Overview of High School Chemistry Topics

Overview of High School Chemistry Topics Are you confused by all the topics in high school chem class? Here is an overview of what is studied in high school chem, with links to essential chem resources and worked chem problems. Introduction to Chemistry To study high school chem, its a good idea to know what chem is.What Is Chem?What Is the Scientific Method? Math Basics Math is used in all the sciences, including high school chem class. To learn chem, you need to understand algebra, geometry, and some trig, as well as be able to work in scientific notation and perform unit conversions.Accuracy and  PrecisionSignificant FiguresScientific NotationPhysical ConstantsMetric Base UnitsDerived Metric UnitsMetric PrefixesHow to Cancel UnitsTemperature ConversionsCalculate Experimental Error Atoms and Molecules Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter. Atoms join together to form compounds and molecules.Atom BasicsAtomic Mass and  Atomic Mass NumberTypes of Chemical BondsIonic and Covalent BondsOxidation NumbersLewis Structures or  Electron Dot ModelsMolecular GeometryWhat Is a Mole?More About Molecules and  MolesLaw of Multiple Proportions Stoichiometry Stoichiometry describes the proportions between atoms in molecules and reactants/products in chemical reactions. You can use this information to balance chemical equations.Types of Chemical ReactionsBalance EquationsBalance Redox ReactionsGram to Mole ConversionsLimiting Reactant  and Theoretical YieldMole Relations in Balanced EquationsMass Relations in Balanced Equations States of Matter The states of matter are defined by the structure of matter as well as whether it has a fixed shape and volume. Learn about the different states and how matter transforms itself from one state to another.States of MatterPhase Diagrams Chemical Reactions There are several types of chemical reactions that can occur.Reactions in WaterTypes of Inorganic Chemical Reactions Periodic Trends The properties of the elements exhibit trends based on the structure of their electrons. The trends or periodicity can be used to make predictions about elements.Periodic Properties and  TrendsElement Groups Solutions Its important to understand how mixtures behave.Solutions, Suspensions, Colloids, DispersionsCalculating Concentration Gases Gases exhibit special properties.Ideal GasesIdeal Gas Law ProblemsBoyles LawCharles LawDaltons Law of Partial Pressures Acids and Bases Acids and bases are concerned with the actions of hydrogen ions or protons in aqueous solutions.Acid and  Base DefinitionsCommon Acids and BasesStrength of Acids and  BasesCalculating pHBuffersSalt FormationHenderson-Hasselbalch EquationTitration BasicsTitration Curves Thermochemistry and  Physical Chem Learn about the relationships between matter and energy.Laws of ThermochemistryStandard State ConditionsCalorimetry, Heat Flow, and EnthalphyBond Energy and  Enthalpy ChangeEndothermic and  Exothermic ReactionsWhat Is Absolute Zero? Kinetics Matter is always in motion.  Learn about the motion of atoms and molecules, or kinetics.Factors That Affect Reaction RateChemical Reaction Order Atomic and  Electronic Structure Much of the chem that you learn is associated with electronic structure, since electrons can move around much more easily than protons or neutrons.Valences of the ElementsAufbau Principle and Electronic StructureElectron Configuration of the ElementsQuantum Numbers and  Electron OrbitalsHow Magnets Work Nuclear Chem Nuclear chemistry is concerned with the behavior of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus.Radiation  and  RadioactivityIsotopes and  Nuclear SymbolsRate of Radioactive DecayAtomic Mass and Atomic AbundanceCarbon-14 Dating Chem Practice Problems Index of Worked Chem ProblemsPrintable Chem Worksheets Chem Quizzes How to Take a Chem TestAtom Basics QuizAtomic Structure QuizAcids and  Bases QuizChemical Bonds QuizChanges in State QuizCompound Naming QuizElement Number QuizElement Picture QuizUnits of Measurement Quiz General Chem Tools Periodic Table.  Use the periodic table to make predictions about element properties. Click on any element symbol to get facts about the element.Chem Glossary.  Look up the definitions of unfamiliar chem terms.Chemical Structures.  Find the structures for molecules, compounds, and functional groups.

The Kingdom of Mali and the Splendor of Medieval Africa

The Kingdom of Mali and the Splendor of Medieval Africa Because the world has another faceOpen your eyesAngelique Kidjo1 As an amateur medievalist, I have become keenly aware of how the history of Europe in the middle ages is often misunderstood or dismissed by otherwise intelligent, educated individuals. The medieval era of those nations outside of Europe is doubly ignored, first for its disreputable time frame (the dark ages), and then for its apparent lack of direct impact on modern western society. Africa in the Middle Ages Such is the case with Africa in the middle ages, a fascinating field of study that suffers from the further insult of racism. With the unavoidable exception of Egypt, the history of Africa before the incursion of Europeans has in the past been dismissed, erroneously and at times deliberately, as inconsequential to the development of modern society. Fortunately, some scholars are working to correct this grave error. The study of medieval African societies has value, not only because we can learn from all civilizations in all time frames, but because these societies reflected and influenced a myriad of cultures that, due to the Diaspora that began in the 16th century, have spread throughout the modern world. The Kingdom of Mali One of these fascinating and near-forgotten societies is the medieval Kingdom of Mali, which thrived as a dominant power in west Africa from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. Founded by the Mande-speaking Mandinka2 people, early Mali  was governed by a council of caste-leaders who chose a ​mansa to rule. In time, the position of mansa evolved into a more powerful role similar to a king or emperor. According to tradition, Mali was suffering from a fearful drought when a visitor told the king, Mansa Barmandana, that the drought would break if he converted to Islam. This he did, and as predicted the drought did end. Other Mandinkans followed the kings lead and converted as well, but the mansa did not force a conversion, and many retained their Mandinkan beliefs. This religious freedom would remain throughout the centuries to come as Mali emerged as a powerful state. The man primarily responsible for Malis rise to prominence is Sundiata Keita. Although his life and deeds have taken on legendary proportions, Sundiata was no myth but a talented military leader. He led a successful rebellion against the oppressive rule of Sumanguru, the Susu leader who had taken control of the Ghanaian  Empire. After the Susu downfall, Sundiata laid claim to the lucrative gold and salt trade that had been so significant to Ghanaian prosperity. As Mansa, he established a cultural exchange system whereby the sons and daughters of prominent leaders would spend time in foreign courts, thus promoting understanding and a better chance of peace among nations. Upon Sundiatas death in 1255 his son, Wali, not only continued his work but made great strides in agricultural development. Under Mansa Walis rule, competition was encouraged among trading centers such as Timbuktu and Jenne, strengthening their economic positions and allowing them to develop into important centers of culture. Mansa Musa Next to Sundiata, the most well-known and possibly the greatest ruler of Mali was Mansa Musa. During his 25-year reign, Musa doubled the territory of the Malian Empire and tripled its trade. Because he was a devout Muslim, Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324, astonishing the peoples he visited with his wealth and generosity. So much gold did Musa introduce into circulation in the middle east that it took about a dozen years for the economy to recover. Gold was not the only form of Malian riches. Early Mandinka society venerated creative arts, and this did not change as Islamic influences helped to shape Mali. Education was also highly valued; Timbuktu was a significant center of learning with several prestigious schools. This intriguing blend of economic wealth, cultural diversity, artistic endeavors and higher learning resulted in a splendid society to rival any contemporary European nation. Malian society had its drawbacks, yet it is important to view these aspects in their historical setting. Slavery  was an integral part of the economy at a time when the institution had declined (yet still existed) in Europe; but the European serf was rarely better off than a slave, bound by law to the land. By todays standards, justice could be harsh in Africa, but no harsher than European medieval punishments. Women had very few rights, but such was certainly true in Europe as well, and Malian women, just like European women, were at times able to participate in business (a fact that disturbed and surprised Muslim chroniclers). War was not unknown on either continent just as today. After the death of Mansa Musa, the Kingdom of Mali went into a slow decline. For another century its civilization held sway in West Africa until Songhay established itself as a dominant force in the 1400s. Traces of medieval Malis greatness still remain, but those traces are fast disappearing as the unscrupulous plunder the archaeological remains of the regions wealth. Mali is just one of many African societies whose past deserves a closer look. We hope to see more scholars explore this long-ignored field of study, and more of us open our eyes to the splendor of Medieval Africa. Notes 1 Angelique Kidjo is a singer and songwriter from Bà ©nin who mixes African rhythms with western sounds. Her song Open Your Eyes can be heard on the 1998 release, Oremi. 2 A variety of spellings exist for many African names. The Mandinka are also known as the Mandingo; Timbuktu is also spelled Tombouctou; Songhay may appear as Songhai. In each case I have chosen one spelling and stuck with it. Guides Note: This feature was originally posted in February of 1999, and was updated in January of 2007. The links below will take you to a site where you can compare prices at booksellers across the web. More in-depth info about the book may be found by clicking on to the books page at one of the online merchants. by Patricia and Fredrick McKissackA good introduction for younger readers that offers enough detail to interest older students. Edited by Said Hamdun and Noel Quinton KingWritings by Ibn Battuta that detail his journeys south of the Sahara have been selected by the editors and presented in this volume, which provides a fascinating firsthand look at Medieval Africa. by Basil DavidsonExcellent general introduction to African history that breaks free of the Eurocentric viewpoint. by Joseph E. HarrisConcise, detailed, and reliable overview of the complex history of Africa from prehistoric times to the present.

Manaement Consulting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Manaement Consulting - Essay Example This differentiating technique is a substantial tool that could transform the nature of products, processes, companies, industries, and even competition itself. Until recently, most managers treated differentiating principals as a support service. Now, however, every company and especially consulting firms must understand the broad effects and implications of the new differentiating principals and how it can create substantial and sustainable competitive advantages. (Wood, W., Lundgren, S., Oullette, J. A., Busceme, S., & Blackstone, T., 341) The principals of differentiating itself from the rest of the industry are in the process of a silent revolution and this revolution is sweeping through our economy. No company can escape its effects. Dramatic reductions in the cost of obtaining, processing, and transmitting information are changing the way we do business. (Williams, J. R. 1) Most general managers know that the revolution is under way, and few dispute its importance. As more and more of their time and investment capital are absorbed in market evaluation and their effect, executives have a growing awareness that the differentiating principals can no longer be the exclusive territory of the elite panels and theoretical niche departments. As they see their rivals use differentiating principals for competitive advantage, these executives recognize the need to become directly involved in the management of the new theories and principals. In the face of rapid change, however, they dont know how. The goal is now to analyse how the framework of differentiating principals can be combined with behavioural evidence on comparative advantage to understand the differential performance of organizations. First, we describe the emerging role of knowledge as a basis for the competitive advantage of organizations. Then we apply our framework

Evaluate and develop an argument for or against the following Essay

Evaluate and develop an argument for or against the following statement the people process is more important than either the strategy or operations processes - Essay Example It is therefore just right to expect that nowadays, when we talk of systems and strategies, it should define a good, reliable, and flexible process. But it should be understood that we can say that most systems are just ideal when it comes to design but not in the implementation. Who makes the design work for a company Who makes the non-living ideas move for the company Isn't the answer human processes Perhaps the reason is because no matter how we try to improve the system or the strategy design, it will forever fail to recognize the maker of the design. When we talk of human processes, what comes into our mind Human processes in simple terms refer to that process in one company or group that does not take for granted the significant factors like the individuals as the main mover in a company. This process involves human's knowledge, skills and intellectual ability to be the fuel of the running company. And if the operations process is considered as the forefront of a business, human processes can be considered as the root and trunk of an organization where the lifeblood of the company flows and grows (Peoplecube 2007). Now what is being argued in this paper is the advantage of human processes over the strategy and or operations processes. ... Humans at that time took control of technology in the form of design engineers. Companies considered human factor as an indispensable thing to be considered because that was the area that can either make or break a product's use. Through the design for example, a product can either benefit or pose a threat to the user. When an engineer designer makes a wrong move in his masterpiece, that product can annihilate group of individuals in just a snap of one's fingers. That was also the time when usability testing became part of certain processes. Usability testing enables the first hand users to test what is working and what is not to a certain product. This whole idea of human factor causing a glitch to the company's process maybe blamed for giving birth to the concept of processes becoming more significant than the processor. This can then lead us to thinking that perhaps, that's also the same reason why software was invented by scientists, perhaps to avoid the human factor defects (Use rnomics 2005-2007). But then again, since we are talking about human processes as a thing of significance than that of operations processes, it is good for us to look at proper managing of human's knowledge and abilities to better see the benefits it could bring to an organization if it is trying to optimize its personnel's capabilities. Knowledge of the people is the house of new ideas and the bank of solutions to the different problems being encountered by the company. This is the reason why modern companies invest in trainings for their employees while others back or support their workers in finishing graduate degrees especially if the

Music and Racial Formation in Leroi Jones’ Essay Example for Free

Music and Racial Formation in Leroi Jones’ Essay In many ways, music is inseparable from culture. In the context of those cultures that have been dominated and marginalized by others, music takes on a special significance. Leroi Jones’ Blues People fit into the framework of trying to understand the role that music plays in the cultural lives of people who belong to displaced communities. In his book, he identifies the ways in which genres in music culture develop, which may be linked to Omi and Winant’s (1994) conception of racial formation. As Omi and Winant (1994) observed in their seminal theory on racial formation, â€Å"We define racial formation as the sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed† (p. 55). The authors debunk the accepted notions that race is either biological or an illusion, suggesting instead that it is a distinctly sociological phenomenon. Race is also identified as based on a power hierarchy, definable in terms of â€Å"the pattern of conflict and accommodation which takes place over time between racially based social movements and the policies and programs of the state† (p.78). This model of racial formation may be applied to Jones’ text, particularly in terms of their assertion that â€Å"racial formation is a process of historically situated projects in which human bodies and social structures are represented and organized† (pp. 55-56). In Blues People, the author examines how the process of being enslaved affects the people of Africa, situating the racial conflict in terms of geographical as well as historical contexts. Jones’ thesis rests on the concept of difference. He outlines the manner in which the slavery of Africans in America was different from other kinds of slavery. An important point that Jones raises is that slavery was prevalent in Africa as well, long before the whites arrived. He likens the process to the way in which the Greeks treated their slaves, showing us that in every other system of slavery, the enslaved people were allowed to retain their sense of cultural identity, but not so in the case of African slaves on the American plantations: Melville Herskovits points out, â€Å"Slavery [had] long existed in the entire region [of West Africa], and in at least one of its kingdoms, Dahomey, a kind of plantation system was found under which an absentee ownership, with the ruler as principal, demanded the utmost return from the estates, and thus created conditions of labor resembling the regime the slaves were to encounter in the New World. † But to be brought to a country, a culture, a society, that was, and is, in terms of purely philosophical correlatives, the complete antithesis of ones own version of mans life on earth that is the cruelest aspect of this particular enslavement. (p. 1) As Jones points out, it was extremely difficult for Africans, who later became â€Å"African-Americans,† to retain a sense of cultural identity in a foreign culture that refused to give any validity to something it did not understand. According to Omi and Winant, racial formation may also be linked to the â€Å"the evolution of hegemony, the way in which society is organized and ruled† (p. 56). In such a hegemonic society driven by concepts of hierarchy and social superiority, the identity of a marginalized class may become problematic. Jones opines that music such as jazz and blues was in some ways the only medium through which Africans could try and retain a sense of who they were. In this context, the integration of music into their existence as slaves allowed Africans to retain a sense of the past, and also come to terms with the effect that the process of being enslaved had had on their psyches. Cultural domination was an insidious process of identity-negation, and music culture was one of the prominent ways through which the enslaved people could enable themselves to survive within a hostile foreign culture. In Blues People, an interesting aspect of performance is brought in when the author shows us a ‘typical’ American reaction to the African native in the form of an excerpt from the actress Frances Anne Kemble’s Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation: The only exception that I have met with yet among our boat voices to the high tenor which they seem all to possess is in the person of an individual named Isaac, a basso profundo of the deepest dye, who nevertheless never attempts to produce with his different register any different effects in the chorus by venturing a second, but sings like the rest in unison, perfect unison, of both time and tune. By-the-by, this individual does speak, and therefore I presume he is not an ape, orangoutang, chimpanzee, or gorilla; but I could not, I confess, have conceived it possible that the presence of articulate sounds, and the absense of an articulate tail, should make, externally at least, so completely the only appreciable difference between a man and a monkey, as they appear to do in this individual ‘black brother. ’ (pp. 2-3). The actress’ biased and judgmental perception of the natives places them in such a position as not to be considered human at all. Interestingly, she examines their tones of voices as indicative of the degree to which they are ‘human,’ or not; they all have voices of a high tenor. She says this is the manner that one might say that all dogs bark, or all lions roar. Language is almost completely redundant in this context. Unable to understand the languages of Africa, Kemble contents herself with ruminating on the tones in which the foreigners speak. The ‘exception’ to the other slaves is determined by Kemble on the basis of the fact that he has a bass voice, while the others use higher tones of voice. Even in this exception she says that it is only the absence of a tail that reluctantly, albeit wonderingly, forces her to accept that he is a human being and not an animal. Even under this extreme racial perspective, it is the musical tones of voice that the actress and performer relies upon to make her judgments.

John Donne :: essays research papers

John Donne John Donne was a writer with exceptional talent and had an intense feeling about all that he wrote. In the beginning of his life he was a charming man who , was accepted by royalty because of his personality and writing ability. Having been employed by one of the queen’s highly regarded men , he worked and associated with the high class royalty. Donne’s life and job lead him to meet and eventually marry his employer’s daughter. This couple caused scandal due to the classifications of the two people. Having lost his job because of this and also not being able to obtain steady employment the family lived in poverty for years. Donne held low class secretary jobs and wrote during this time , but lack of financial security kept them where they where in life. He , by writing with the motivation from the love of his wife , became one of the most widely read writers of the time. As time went on Anne passed away and Donne was left with the children. He soon was elect ed dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral , became a famous speaker , he used the motivation of God and the church to fuel his writing. Much of Donne’s poetry was written for his wife and was very intense due to the love he felt for her. In "The Canonization" Donne tries to fight why he cannot love Anne and asks what is the matter with his love , for he sees it as true. He writes in a civil manner asking if his love has hurt anyone , if the intensity that he loves her has ever injured anyone. Never fearing what others say or do to the couple he bases the security of his life on their love. He ponders why people are worrying about their love when awful people are committing horrible acts throughout the world. He says that they are one and nothing could break them apart. Not wanting to be bothered anymore and yearning to live free with his love he wonders if people will approve and , though his love will not die , fears that the impact of the world will destroy their bond. During his years without his wife Donne wrote about the love of the church and the Lord. Much like the prior years in intensity and feeling , but with a different object of affection.

Mens Warehouse

David walks into the Men's Warehouse store. He is getting married. No big fan fare here; no entourage to assist him as his fiance had experienced. David explains his purpose for shopping to Joe, the store sales rep. Joe begin to ask questions as he pull a few looks together that he believes David would like. Joe and David talk and laugh as they find the perfect look David wanted for his big day; Joe was proud – another customer satisfied. David walked out about an hour later knowing he would kook good for his wedding.He felt good George Simmer is known for his classic line, Your goanna like the way you look, I guarantee it†. This is the Men's Warehouse creed. Their emphasis on quality clothes and customer service in their stores has provided them a steady stream of success. However, they don't measure their success by earning growth, geographic expansion or consistent return for investors, although they could have. They measure their success in levels of excellence In cu stomer service, employee enthusiasm and customer loyalty In Dalton to the other uncial measures that are required by successful businesses (Denominator, 2006).The backbone of the Men's Warehouse organizational and financial success falls on their desire to uphold a culture that is based on customer loyalty and employee satisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the cultural metaphor that the Men's Warehouse has embraced. An organization's culture Like any other culture can be defined by the pattern of development reflected in an organizations system of knowledge, Ideology, values. Laws and day-to-day rituals (Morgan, 2006). However it is more than Just a list of rules required as well. It's a symbolic significance commonality that is shared amongst a group.Culture is not something that can be measured but it is a formed of lived experience created by all within it. Creating a positive organization culture takes work from the top down as Men's Warehouse has su ccessfully demonstrated. Organizations such as the Men's Warehouse benefit from operating from a Cultural Metaphor for many reasons. The cultural metaphor directs attention to the symbolic significance of almost every aspect of organizational life (Morgan, 2006). The activities have more meaning for the employees. For example, suiting someone for their wedding is not a normal shopping trip.It is exciting and stressful. Customers will want to get advice from a tuxedo expert who can help them look their absolute best. Also, if fashion is your passion as an employee you are excited to assist In such a wonderful occasion and Knowingly accept ten responsibility Tort ten customers experience as well. It also holds individuals accountable because it makes them own their impact on the way things are and shows that it is their responsibility to change when appropriate (Morgan, 2006). This is demonstrated at the Men's Warehouse from their top down approach to satisfying customers.Simmer state d in his company overview that â€Å"we are not content to merely satisfy them. We win them over completely. This is not so much the results of rigorous training as it is the result of the unique Mess Warehouse culture that runs from the top down through all our operation†. (Denominator, 2006). Having the authority to do what is necessary to make sure a customer leaves happy allows employees to feel empowered. It is not mistake that in 2006, Men's Warehouse was ranked in Fortune's Magazine list as one of the â€Å"100 Best Companies to Work For† (Denominator, 2006).This was based on the policies and culture of the company and satisfaction and opinions of the employees. The Men's Warehouse prides itself on its culture of collegiality, and repeatable consistent customer service, and knows that one will create the other; both require employees to be authentic and pleasant. Men's Warehouse believes that when a workforce is treated with respect and encouragement, there's no limit to where it can take the company (Denominator, 2006). Happy employees' are more authentic and allows for customer to have an experience that they can feel.Customers who experience the Men's Warehouse culture of excellent customer service, empowered happy employees that creates an environment that is service oriented and authentic which fosters repeatable business. Are always going to come back.. In turn, great service almost always fosters repeatable business. This type of interaction creates a cultural enactment that allows for a positive shared reality for both, employees and customers. The Men's Warehouse embracement of the cultural metaphor is a great example of how culture can create loyalty within organizations. The backbone of the Men's

Behavioral Programme Assignment Essay

Our esteemed bank was established on 11 May 1921 and went public on 11 November 1921 in the name of Nadar Bank Limited at Ana Mavanna Building, Thoothukudi. Later we renamed as Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited. We had only 4 branches until 1947. The bank has now 388 full fledged branches and 732 ATM’s all over the India. In order to serve the rural areas, the bank extended services more in non-metro areas. Out of 388 branches, 344 branches are located in Rural, Semi Urban and Urban areas only. GROWTH: We are one of the oldest private sector banks which is continuously making profits and paying highest dividends. This was possible only with the dedicated employees at all levels who are energetic and are enthusiastic in the growth and prosperity of the bank. This made the bank to adopt the official motto: â€Å"Totally Motivated Bank† Achievements and Awards : The financial express in its survey on India’s Best Bank 2013 has ranked our bank No.1 among the Old Private Sector Banks. TMB has been rated 2nd Best Bank in Small Banks category by Business World under India’s Best Bank 2013 TMB has received the Best Banker award in Customer Orientation and Human Resources. TMB has received ASSOCHAM India 9th Annual Summit cum Social Banking Excellence Awards 2013 – India’s Best Private Sector Bank 2013. FUTURE VISION OF TMB: Looking Ahead: The vision of the bank is to develop the bank into a much stronger bank with  the higher level of modernization to handle the business volume. Noble thoughts and high ideas of the team of management charged with dynamic spirit of action will take the bank to a greater height, achieving growth in strength and exhibit the bank as a model bank in the Banking industry. The bank has set itself a high standard, be it in operation, customer service or compliance to regulation. Technology upgradation and March towards Hi-Tech Cyber Banking are the current mission of the Bank. VISION STATEMENT: â€Å"To be a progressive bank with strong brand equity, Enhancing the value for all the stake holders through Excellence in performance and good governance† Medium Term Goal: Aiming to increase its total business to Rs 1 lakh crore in the next four years and to expand our branch network outside Tamil Nadu. At present we having a total business of Rs 41,000 crore in 2013-14, and planning to open a large number of branches in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Telangana, Gujarat and Maharashtra in the next 3 years. Our endeavor is to have 30-40 branches in each of these states. We are targeting a total business of Rs 50000 crore in 2014-15, and aiming to have a network of 800 branches in four years. â€Å"Our medium-term goal is to make TMB a pan-India bank. After the expansion of branch network in the southern states, we will focus on widening our footprint in the northern and eastern regions of the country. ASSIGNMENT II CISCO WORK CULTURE Today’s organizations face increasing demands for responsiveness, adaptability, innovation, speed, and responsible corporate citizenship. No organization can afford to dismiss the potential benefits of having a diverse and inclusive culture. So for Cisco, building an inclusive and diverse organization is an ongoing and essential business imperative. It truly believe it is their responsibility to: Empower our teams Eliminate biases Create an environment where everyone feels welcomed, valued, respected, and heard. Commitment They aim to provide employees with all the resources, programs, and training necessary to achieve their business goals. They have been giving everyone an opportunity to operate at their best selves, and provide their customers with the best and most innovative products and services. How They Are Structured By partnering with their business leaders, human resource organizations, and key stakeholders and constituents, they have built a holistic diversity framework that is embedded in every part of Cisco. They have constructed an Inclusion and Diversity Coalition, a global team that advises and supports Cisco executives at the function and region level. Along with established inclusion and diversity ambassadors, it includes advocates in the field. The team helps to accelerate program execution by reinforcing inclusion and diversity communication and expectations. Cisco’s employee engagement strategy: Cisco’s employee engagement strategy has yielded several benefits through the use of collaboration tools. For example, the quarterly company meeting has gone through a total transformation. In the past, Cisco held the company meetings in a physical location, usually a local convention center near the headquarters in San Jose, California. Today the quarterly company meetings are virtual. Through the use of video and collaboration technologies, employees globally can participate in these meetings and interact with senior executives through a live chat (using Cisco Jabber ® technology). The entire event is recorded (along with chat transcripts and other documents) and shared with all employees. This approach has increased employee participation and provided a new venue for rich interaction between employees and senior executives, all of which have boosted overall employee satisfaction. Cisco uses a virtual format for other events as well such as the annual global sales experien ce (20,000-plus attendees) and strategic leadership offsite (3000-plus senior leaders). More than ever employees are conscious of their health and wellness, while employers are looking for ways to provide employees with high-quality healthcare options while keeping their costs under control. Cisco opened a state-of-the-art HealthCenter in San Jose for employees and has followed with centers at other sites. Through the use of technologies such as HealthPresence ® and unified communications, Cisco employees have access to some of the best healthcare systems around the world ASSIGNMENT III 3 Model Component of Commitment About the Model: John Meyer and Natalie Allen developed their Three Component Model of Commitment and published it in the 1991 â€Å"Human Resource Management Review.† The model explains that commitment to an organization is a psychological state, and that it has three distinct components that affect how employees feel about the organization that they work for. The three components are: 1. Affection for your job (â€Å"affective commitment†). 2. Fear of loss (â€Å"continuance commitment†). 3. Sense of obligation to stay (â€Å"normative commitment†). We can use this model to increase commitment and engagement in your team, while also helping people to experience a greater feeling of well-being and job satisfaction. Let’s look at each of Meyer and Allen’s three types of commitment in greater detail. Affection for Your Job (Affective Commitment) Affection for your job occurs when you feel a strong emotional attachment to your organization, and to the work that you do. You’ll most likely identify with the organization’s goals and values, and you genuinely want to be there. If you’re enjoying your work, you’re likely to feel good, and be satisfied with your job. In turn, this increased job satisfaction is likely to add to your feeling of affective commitment. Fear of Loss (Continuance Commitment) This type of commitment occurs when you weigh up the pros and cons of leaving  your organization. You may feel that you need to stay at your company, because the loss you’d experience by leaving it is greater than the benefit you think you might gain in a new role. These perceived losses, or â€Å"side bets,† can be monetary (you’d lose salary and benefits); professional (you might lose seniority or role-related skills that you’ve spent years acquiring); or social (you’d lose friendships or allies). The severity of these â€Å"losses† often increases with age and experience. You’re more likely to experience continuance commitment if you’re in an established, successful role, or if you’ve had several promotions within one organization. Sense of Obligation to Stay (Normative Commitment) This type of commitment occurs when you feel a sense of obligation to your organization, even if you’re unhappy in your role, or even if you want to pursue better opportunities. You feel that you should stay with your organization, because it’s the right thing to do. This sense of obligation can stem from several factors. You might feel that you should remain with your organization because it has invested money or time in your training. Or perhaps it provided a reward in advance, such as paying for your college tuition. This obligation can also result from your upbringing. For instance, your family might have stressed that you should stay loyal to your organization. Note: These three types of commitment are not mutually exclusive. You can experience all three, or two of the three, in varying degrees. Applying the Model at our TMB: Affection for Your Job (Affective Commitment): We are very fortunate in having dedicated employees at all levels who have been energetic and working with untiring zeal for the good growth and prosperity of the institution for the past 92 years. The name and fame of the bank are in a large measure, due to the efficient and diligent service of the highly loyal staff members and officers. This has enabled the Bank to adopt the official motto â€Å"Totally Motivated Bank†. Most of the employees in TMB are committed towards our organization. This has been proven through the  profits earned and dividends paid to the stake holders. Without the positive commitment of affectionate this would not have been possible. In TMB, employees treat themselves to be a part of the family. With this unique feature TMBian’s move forward and make the organization goals and achieve great heights. Fear of Loss (Continuance Commitment): It’s important to do our best to grow affective commitment, and reduce our team’s reliance on continuance and normative commitment, so that we can lead a team of people who feel passionate for their roles. In TMB, we having some Team members with continuance commitment, which not only impact their growth but also impacting other Team enthusiastic employees, or even lower the morale of the organization. To encourage positive changes, we will link people’s goals with those of the team or organization. If appropriate, we align our team’s roles with their skills and interests, with techniques such as Job Crafting . It’s important to help people find purpose in their work, which will help them to come out from the above commitment. Sense of Obligation to Stay (Normative Commitment): In our organization, some officers from STEP programme feel a sense of normative commitment since our organization has invested a lot in their training and development. Since they have been contracted for 5 years, they could not able to switch job even if they got better opportunity. To overcome this we are likely to develop affective commitment through explaining them about their growth in this esteemed organization and make them to feel & experience positive emotions at their work. Further, we will encourage these people to thrive, and to enjoy the work that they’re doing. We make sure that we give praise regularly, and create a healthy workplace , so that these kind of people will be happy and productive. ASSIGNMENT IV Change is a common thread that runs through all businesses regardless of size, industry and age. Our world is changing fast and, as such, organizations must change quickly too. Organizations that handle change well thrive, whilst those that do not may struggle to survive. The concept of â€Å"change management† is a familiar one in most businesses today. But, how  businesses manage change (and how successful they are at it) varies enormously depending on the nature of the business, the change and the people involved. And a key part of this depends on how far people within it understand the change process. One of the cornerstone models for understanding organizational change was developed by Kurt Lewin back in the 1950s, and still holds true today. His model is known as Unfreeze – Change – Refreeze, refers to the three-stage process of change he describes. Lewin, a physicist as well as social scientist, explained organizational change using the analogy of changi ng the shape of a block of ice Lewin’s Three-Step Model For Implementing Change Unfreeze: This first stage of change involves preparing the organization to accept that change is necessary, which involves break down the existing status quo before you can build up a new way of operating. Key to this is developing a compelling message showing why the existing way of doing things cannot continue. This is easiest to frame when you can point to declining sales figures, poor financial results, worrying customer satisfaction surveys, or suchlike: These show that things have to change in a way that everyone can understand. To prepare the organization successfully, you need to start at its core – you need to challenge the beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors that currently define it. Using the analogy of a building, you must examine and be prepared to change the existing foundations as they might not support add-on storeys; unless this is done, the whole building may risk collapse. This first part of the change process is usually the most difficult and stressful. When you start cutting down the â€Å"way things are done†, you put everyone and everything off balance. You may evoke strong reactions in people, and that’s exactly what needs to done. By forcing the organization to re-examine its core, you effectively create a (controlled) crisis, which in turn can build a strong motivation to seek out a new equilibrium. Without this motivation, you won’t get the buy-in and participation necessary to effect any meaningful change. Change: After the uncertainty created in the unfreeze stage, the change stage is where people begin to resolve their uncertainty and look for new ways to do  things. People start to believe and act in ways that support the new direction. The transition from unfreeze to change does not happen overnight: People take time to embrace the new direction and participate proactively in the change. A related change model, the Change Curve , focuses on the specific issue of personal transitions in a changing environment and is useful for understanding this specific aspect in more detail. In order to accept the change and contribute to making the change successful, people need to understand how the changes will benefit them. Not everyone will fall in line just because the change is necessary and will benefit the company. This is a common assumption and pitfall that should be avoided. Time and communication are the two keys to success for the changes to occur. People need time to understand the change s and they also need to feel highly connected to the organization throughout the transition period. When you are managing change, this can require a great deal of time and effort and hands-on management is usually the best approach. Refreeze: When the changes are taking shape and people have embraced the new ways of working, the organization is ready to refreeze. The outward signs of the refreeze are a stable organization chart, consistent job descriptions, and so on. The refreeze stage also needs to help people and the organization internalize or institutionalize the changes. This means making sure that the changes are used all the time; and that they are incorporated into everyday business. With a new sense of stability, employees feel confident and comfortable with the new ways of working. The rationale for creating a new sense of stability in our every changing world is often questioned. Even though change is a constant in many organizations, this refreezing stage is still important. Without it, employees get caught in a transition trap where they aren’t sure how things should be done, so nothing ever gets done to full capacity. In the absence of a new frozen state, it is very difficult to tackle the next change initiative effectively. How do you go about convincing people that something needs changing if you haven’t allowed the most recent changes to sink in? Change will be perceived as change for change’s sake, and the motivation required to implement new changes simply won’t be there. As part of the Refreezing process, make sure that you celebrate the success of the change – this helps people to find closure,  thanks them for enduring a painful time, and helps them believe that future change will be successful. Applying the model at TMB : At our bank we have followed the Lewin’s Three-Step Model while implementing our New Logo: Unfreeze: Even though our Bank has been established in 1921, the logo was set for the bank only in 1962. Since the logo was not competent to match to the current generation of banking and also not expressed the future face of the bank. It has been decided to change the Logo. After having various meetings with our stake holders, at last our Management got approval from our stake holders to change our logo. Our Management has started the process for changing the logo of our bank after 50 years. We are well aware that changing our established logo should be approached with a great deal of caution and forethought. Only a new logo design makeover (executed correctly) can infuse our company brand with new excitement, new blood. We are the leading private sector bank with strong development in modern banking and need a logo that is more in line with, and appealing to, our vision along with modern banking facilities. Change: After got approval from stakeholders, our bank started planning on designing the new logo which should express our vision along with modern banking facilities. The organization has ready to take risk by changing the Logo. The Dispel rumors by answering the questions asked by any one the openly and honestly and also relate the need for change back to operational necessities. Our organization has announced a contest among the staff members for creating a logo which should reflects our vision and Modern banking and also to make the staff involvement. Which made everyone feel that it’s a right time to change Logo of our bank and will give new face to our bank. Refreeze: With help of our all staff members our bank has designed a new log which described our vision and modern banking. The magenta-and-royal-blue combo is a colourful showcase of the brand’s illustrious past, where the inherent DNA of our bank – customer orientation & commitment to excellence takes center-stage. The complementary colours and the clear-cut typeface underline our bank’s new philosophy of staying in tune with the current generation. What holds the logo together and helps break the clutter is the clever play on the letter ‘M’. An amalgam of two upward arrows, ‘the Positive M’ clearly symbolizes our bank’s new promise – to be one step ahead of life. our New logo was created. On 03.05.2012, we have launched New Corporate Identity (New Logo) for our Bank in a grand function at Thoothukudi by our Managing Director & CEO in the august presence of all the Directors of our bank. Change of our New Logo was communicated to people through various medium of communication. The New logo has brought a strong believe from the public that, our bank not only a have a traditional type of banking but also have the Modern banking.

Othello by William Shakespeare

Othello by William Shakespeare Introduction One of the reasons why William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello never ceases to remain popular with the public is that the themes of motifs, contained in it, appear truly universal. In other words, while being exposed to the staging of this particular tragedy, viewers do recognize the essence of a variety of psychological anxieties, on the part of the characters, as such that relate to their own.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Othello by William Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This explains why the staging of Othello can be well adapted to the realities of today’s living. In our paper, we will aim to explore the soundness of an earlier articulated thesis at length, while comparing/contrasting Shakespeare’s original play with one of its most recent cinematographic adaptations Tim Nelson’s 2001 movie O. Analytical part Even though movie’s plot unravels am idst contemporary settings, with American typical high school serving as a background, director had deliberately strived for O to emanate as much of original tragedy’s spirit as possible. And, it has to be said that Nelson was able to succeed in it. The validity of this statement can illustrated by the very fact that the names of film’s characters phonetically resemble characters’ names in Shakespeare’s play – Odin/Othello, Iago/Hugo, Desi/Desdemona, Duke/Duke Goulding, etc. Just as it is being the case in Shakespeare’s Othello, the only black character (Odin) in the film appears to be everybody’s favorite – the man on a direct pathway towards gaining social prominence. Despite his blackness, which made him a visible minority in White suburbia’s high school, Odin had proven himself quite indispensible to school’s basketball team. In a similar manner with Shakespeare’s Othello, Odin had found himself fallen in love with white girl Desi – the daughter of school’s principal. Both lovers’ happiness was about to prove short-lived, however, as after having initially failed at revealing Odin as a rapist, his teammate Hugo designed a plan to expose Desi’s infidelity in Odin’s eyes. Such line of a plot, of course, closely resembles that of original Othello’s. Moreover, as it appears from the movie and the play, it is namely due to Iago and Hugo’s perverted sense of justice, that both characters wanted to cause harm to Othello/Desdemona and Odin/Desi – apparently, they both considered themselves being treated unfairly by the ‘cruel world’:Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"Iago: But he (Othello), sir, had the election: And I†¦must be be-leed and calmd† (Shakespeare, Act 1), â€Å"Hugo: I†™m considered a utility man†¦ I’m the MVP on this piece of shit team.., and he (Duke) chooses Michael. No way!† (00.08.27). Nevertheless, while being aware of the fact that Othello/Odin could not be challenged openly, Iago/Hugo decided to utilize a particularly sneaky method of destroying his happiness – planting the seed of jealousness in Odin’s heart. Just as it was the case with Iago in Shakespeare’s play, who prompted Cassio to initiate a drunken fight with Roderigo and to consequently lose respect in Othello’s eyes, Hugo encourages Odin’s best friend Michael to act in essentially the same way – to get drunk and to fall out of favor with Odin, as the result. Once, this has been accomplished, Iago/Hugo proceeded further with his devilish plan – he advices Michael/Cassio to socialize with Desdemona/Desi as something that would help him getting back on good terms with Othello/Odin. Simultaneously, Iago/Hugo encour ages Othello/Odin to think of the fact that Desdemona/Desi befriended Cassio/Michael as the proof of her unfaithfulness. In other words, just as we have pointed out earlier, even watching the initial parts of Nelson’s movie leaves very little doubt as to the fact that the themes and motifs, contained in cinematic adaptation, closely match those contained in Shakespeare’s tragedy. Nevertheless, there is a striking difference between how Nelson and Shakespeare interpret the social implications of Hugo/Iago’s blackness. Whereas; in the original play the specifics of Othello’s racial affiliation do not imply him being subjected to white racism, in traditional sense of this word, in Nelson’s movie Odin is being shown as an individual who suffers a great deal from being looked upon by his even most open-minded classmates as someone who does not quite belong to their circle. There is a memorable scene in O, where Michael articulates his deed-seated racist attitude towards Odin with perfect clarity: â€Å"Hugo: What about Odin? Michael: What about him? He is a freaking loser. The ghetto just popped out of him† (01.05.51). Apparently, while adapting original tragedy’s motifs to the realities of today’s living in America, Nelson simply could not refrain from incorporating the theme of racism into the very core of movie’s plot.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Othello by William Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is exactly the reason why this theme, along with the theme of political correctness, is being even explored within the context of Odin indulging in intimate conversations with Desi: â€Å"Odin: See, I can say ‘nigger’ cause I’m a nigger. You can’t cause you ain’t’ (00.15.02). Unlike what it used to be the case with Othello, Odin never ceases to remain acutely self-aware of the color of his skin. Another difference between Shakespeare’s play and Nelson’s film is the fact that; whereas, in the play most characters are being represented as well-grown individuals, film’s characters are essentially teenagers. In its turn, this explains the lessened plausibility of film’s action, as compared to what it is being the case with original tragedy. After all, it was partially due to Othello’s rational realization of the fact that, after having been ‘betrayed’ by Desdemona, he will never be able to get married (because of his old age and ugliness), which filled his heart with anger and prompted him to kill her. Odin, on the other hand, did not have rational reasons to kill Desi – being the most popular person in the school; he would never have a problem falling in love with just about any other white girl. Given the fact that, as of today, more and more American teenagers tend to think of love as being synonym ous to the notion of sex, it naturally predisposes them towards assessing the very concept of ‘romantic faithfulness’ as being quite irrelevant. Therefore, whatever emotionally intense the scene in which Odin strangles Desi to death might be, it can be the least referred to as utterly realistic. Conclusion As we have pointed out in Introduction, there are good reasons to consider Shakespeare’s Othello as cinematically adaptable dramaturgic piece. The watching of Nelson’s film substantiates the validity of this claim perfectly well. After all, for as long as the representatives of Homo Sapiens specie continue to remain highly social beings, they will never cease experiencing the whole range of Shakespearean emotions – love, hate, jealousy, revengefulness, etc. Therefore, despite film’s earlier mentioned shortcomings, it nevertheless can be best defined as utterly accurate in how it tackles the theme of Shakespearian tragic love. We believe tha t the earlier provided line of argumentation, in defense of such an idea, is being full consistent with paper’s initial thesis – in his film, Nelson did in fact succeed with popularizing the theme of tragic love as such that represents a great philosophical value. References O. Dir. Tim Blake Nelson. Perfs. Mekhi Phifer, Josh Hartnett, Julia Stiles. Miramax International, 2001.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shakespeare, William â€Å"Othello†. 2005. WilliamShakespeare.info. 6 Jun. 2011. william-shakespeare.info/act1-script-text-othello.htm

Free sample - The Eyes Can Be Deceived. translation missing

The Eyes Can Be Deceived. The Eyes Can Be DeceivedIn the short story of â€Å"Teddy,† it is true that eyes can be deceived. The truth presented was misrepresented. Teddy was a boy aged ten with stress, but people saw a calm child who was at peace with his surrounding and people around him. All the bitter stuff in his family emotionally affected Teddy that he felt he could not take anymore. The adults were too busy that they failed to understand a boy affected with situations around him. The boy felt unloved and unappreciated by his family. He felt so detached from other people. He was so frightened, but nobody was able to understand that because the child looked fine. His parent did not attend or observe him to know that he had a problem. They did not understand him since they thought he was speaking and acting like a child of his age. The child did things beyond him. They saw a child and never considered what the child thought or felt. The adults never notice that the boy was desperately withdrawn. They failed to observe that he was also that the boy acted strangely by distancing himself from his parents and sister. He felt the urge to do that because he felt unloved and uncared for. He plans and records his death just as an adult contemplating suicide would do. Nicholson did not listen keenly or take the words of Teddy seriously when he talked about his death (Salinger, 2010).   He did not even bother to know why the young boy said that and what he meant. The adult took Teddy as a child who did not know what he was saying. A child’s word is taken as a mare joke, but that should not have been in the case of Teddy. He was serious in what he said and meant it. He wanted to defend himself from a self-centered society. People saw Teddy as a little child who could not understand what was going on. Their eyes deceived them because the reasoning of Teddy was far beyond that of a child. Teddy was not a child at all since he could understand so many things categorized as adult stuff. He felt that adults are stubborn people who are tolerant and irresponsible. To him they did not accept their faults to correct them and they were aggressive for nothing. Teddy was a victim of the children’s character of the perception that a child could not understand some issues that happen in the adult world like responsibility. The eyes of grownups were deceived and overlooked; Teddy needed acceptance and love. His actions were clear in the way he was withdrawn from other people a thing observable yet nobody noticed. A child of Teddy’s age would not be so serious in noting down his actions in a notebook (Salinger, 2010). He was seriously concentration on what he had written in his notebook. People looked at him as a child and failed to understand he was up to something serious or dangerous. People feel that a child is not able to understand the pressures of life, therefore, never get stress. Nicholson found him seated alone yet he could not understand he was stressed up and lonely. The boy had written something down about his contemplated death. Nicholson had observed hid write, but never bothered to know what Teddy was writing. Teddy was struggling in life just like sixteen-year-old boy suffering in insecurities to grasp his personality that was unappreciated (Salinger,   1994). It is true that people make a judgment based on what they see and not what they hear. A child of Teddy’s age would not make his argument about life and issued in life as he did. Nicholson question Teddy’s spirituality and his responses amused him. It was astonishing how the boy argued and presented his ideas. The boy’s love for God was unsentimental and that of his parent did not matter to him. He continues to say that he was a person progressing well spiritually, but not a holy man. This is an argument for a person far above his age. Teddy comments on how he stopped meditating after meeting a woman and fell from grace (Salinger, 2010). The boy clearly understood that spiritual matters are personal which a child of his age would not understand. Additionally, the argument that death was not something major it was just parting with the body. He seemed not to be afraid of death like any other child. Teddy makes a statement about his sister pushing him to the pull and breaking his skull (Salinger, 2010). Nicholson does not understand that the statement was a prediction for his death and said it to instill guilt to the adults once it occurred. The intelligent boy also felt that his sister Booper hated him. He said that his sister would push him and he would die so that after committing suicide the sister would fear horrified and miserable. This makes him designs his death to instill guiltiness to everybody that surrounded him. In conclusion, grownup should have concentrated Teddy and observed him closely. His intellectual and argument should have made them listen to him and would have seen a disaster that he had predicted. They should not have taken him as a child and thus, would have prevented his action. This is because as the story ends Teddy thrusts himself into the pool. It was evidenced by the screams of his little sister. He never died as evidenced by the empty pool. References Salinger, J. D. (2010). Nine Stories. New York: Back Bay Books. Salinger, J. D. (1994). The Catcher in the Rye. New York: Penguin.J. D. Salinger †º Visit Amazon's J. D. Salinger Page Find all the books, read about the author, and more. See search results for this author Are you an Author? Learn about Author Central amznJQ.onReady('bylinePopover', function () {});

CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CAUSE AND EFFECT - Essay Example It is also possible that one of these two people might tell others who would further tell the remaining staff that is working within the organization and hence the gossip can turn really nasty at the end. Having informal gossips in the workplace suggests that the employees are not concentrating properly on their assigned tasks and the bosses take particular note of this fact. They mention these points to the employees who like to gossip a lot and also warn them from time to time so that the gossip within the workplace is reduced drastically. The effects of this workplace gossip are that the employees have a bad image within the organization and they are not taken in high esteem. They are also told of concentrating on their own duties rather than wasting their times on having useless gossips all the time. Workplace gossips also mean that the employees have lost a lot of interest in their work and they do not find their job challenging enough. The employers should provide comfort to these types of employees by changing their job nature or making their job focus a bit more different. They can also be delegated work in a different manner so that they feel at ease with the working methods . The employers generally do not like the employees who gossip a lot and are always suggesting some ways as to how they can control this problem. They find different means and ways through which workplace gossip could be reduced. It is a fact that employees are also humans and they need to talk to each other because after all a workplace is essentially not a jail but the restroom is one such place where they can hold their conversations. Even in lunch time they can chat over in an informal manner but when they are at their desk and doing work then that means work is everything and gossip holds no place within the office boundaries. Similarly, plants and

Bookstores Visit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bookstores Visit - Essay Example On the other side, looking at the best sellers, it also being evident that cultural elements specific to communities are being more acceptable to a global audience. Stories from Asia and Europe are being available and are being read as stories from the local context. Both the book stores had broad range of books. Another interesting observation was the standardization in the marketing strategies of the book stores. Both stores had similar best sellers. This suggest the ways in which media is able to reach out to people and influence people’s decision making process. In the context of globalization, it can be inferred that the market speculates the cultural choices that people make. The choice on what to read and what to perceive on reading is being largely influenced by the globalised market. Invariably both the bookstores have books portraying Asian symbols and culture in a sellable format. These depictions stay very close to the stereotypic images of orientalism. These books in terms of the ways in which they are marketed reinforce orientalism, though in an unrealistic sense. The reciprocal influence of the globalised economy forces the market to deliver according to the needs of the consumers and at the same time influences the consumers to consume what is marketed. This trend is evidently observable in this scenario. Both the book stores are offering books which reinforce the stereotypical images on Asian culture. Interestingly, this trend does not limit itself to a particular genre of books. Right from travel guides to fiction, books confirming certain cultural notions are readily available in both the stores. Interplay of liberalized open world marketing strategies and orientalism is observable in the kind of books that both the stores are selling. Being a classic, Kafka’s ‘On Parables’ was available in both the stores. The number of copies on the rack suggested that this

Lifestyle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lifestyle - Essay Example The Spanish way of life is to work hard and party harder which is living it up as we would call it. This reflects in the people of Spain who as studies have shown are a happy crowd, where the people are content without having to extend their daily life to fit in more than is necessary. The weather can be one of the reasons for this laid back lifestyle that has become a part of their culture. It becomes quite difficult to work in the sweltering heat which is why life usually starts after the sun goes down in summer. Everything about Spain would spell holiday for someone who is not used to the culture. The music, dance and food are vibrant and can keep you on a high for as long as you are on a holiday. It could be contagious and make people wish for more. The country itself has an endearing history and background which entices people to leave their homes for this lifetime entertainment. Of course for a person who is from a hi-tech city and one who lives to work would be taken by surprise by the Spanish lifestyle. The amazing family ties which are quite enviable are one of the advantages of the Spanish culture. Children are brought up in a well knit family and are usually the focal point of attention. This is what is lacking in the outside world today where the parents do not have the time to devote to their children. Whereas in Spain time spent with the family is considered of utmost importance and then comes work and pleasure. Invariable the lifestyle becomes healthier and contended. Spain’s culture and society helps you build stronger communal ties and excellent social skills. You cannot help but become friendly in nature unless you want to be the sore thumb in the society where the people are open minded fun loving and friendly and chatting up with someone on the way is a casual occurrence. You have the chance to develop other talents that you

Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Relief

Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Relief Please explore the economic implications of sovereign borrowing in a country of your choice. What are the pros and cons of conditionality and debt relief in that context? Introduction In this essay we will revise the theoretical framework of the advantages and disadvantages of both debt relief and conditionality in the context of sovereign borrowing in order to contrast it with the historical experience of Argentina. We will demonstrate, with a chronological view of the Argentinean debt that the first measures taken to resolve the problem of debt and service, in consonance with conditionality only worsen the situation that the country was facing. Following history, we will evaluate the beneficial results that came from a different set of plans arranged according to debt relief, reaching a point where the disadvantages where not suffered and the country could repay most of the obligations. To do so, we will start with a review of the conditionality theoretical framework in order to understand the possibilities for this type of arrangement comprehended by the academics. In this we will analyse the possibility of a negative impact on indebted economies, coming from the short term benefit that would come from designating the loan resources to increase consumption rather than investment. Secondly we will submit the academic theories on debt relief a similar review. In this case, it will be highlighted the contribution from Krugman (1988) that states how a relief may appear as a loss for the lenders, but in real terms facing the impossibility of payment, it would become a capital gain on terms of the initial landed amount In concordance with the theory, we will review in the last part, the negative impact that conditionality had in Argentina, leading the country to pursue consumption instead of investment and therefore submersing into further loans that could not repay, nor recourses to build the capacity for future payments. For the country this culminated in a period of crisis. On the other hand, we will see how the debt relief plans that the country benefited from after said crisis, would cause a strong and steady rate of repayment that terminated in beneficial terms for both parties, Argentinean government and various creditors. Conditionality A conditional loan would be expected to bring a wide variety of economic and political benefits to the destined country. For example steady and balanced growth rate, exchange rate stability, and an increase in the exports (Guitià ¡n, 1995) and ultimately resolving debt crisis and debt overhangs (Fafchamps, 1995). On the political side, if we realize that most economically poor countries face such a reality because of bad politics, it becomes extremely important to focus on reforming the political issues that led to that position. The IMF and World Bank possess the capacity to analyse beyond the economic factor and consequences of loans and determine, under their opinion, what would be the best path to follow for the objectives set for the credit. Lastly, conditional loans are commonly granted to countries that need to escape a specific rough situation, which means that it would probably need flexible or soft terms to be able to repay. For that Institutions like the previously mentio ned are better positioned to fill the demand without the debtor country being forced to accept unfavourable terms on a credit from another market actor (Sachs, 1988). On the other hand, conditionality can lead to worse scenarios like leading the country into a vicious circle of conditionality (Fafchamps, 1995). We must understand that the conditionality of a loan, overlaps with a States sovereignty, the idea that said state does not recognize a superior rule than his own. So ultimately, conditionality is a self-limitation of a State to a set of rules and a path pre-set by an international organization which is followed only by the good faith. To mitigate this, the lender can set a series of consequences and sanctions that may be applied to those countries that do not comply with the previously stated conditions, but still the nature of this types of loan is not comparable to a domestic one, between two individuals and regulated by internal law (Sachs, 1988). Therefore, the threat to cut the possibility of future lending is not strong enough. It is rational to think that, despite, a country that seeks to contract sovereign debt with an international organization, is concerned about their production and desires to increase it in order to boost the economy and assure the means to repay the loan. Yet mostly, the countries would be more politically benefited from increasing consumption than investment. In the short term, locating resources to investment could lead to a recession until industries are developed, risking the political stability and continuity of the current regime. Therefore, a government that was recently granted the capital requested, my turn its policies to expand consumption in an effort to gain power in the short term, but knowing that in the long, they will not be able to fulfil the services (Sachs, 1988). Debt Relief There is an enormous advantage, in theoretical terms, to debt relief. For a country that has a bigger of debt service than payment possibility, it is possible that the combination of a debt relief and an investment promoting policy will benefit both the creditor and the debtor. If we consider that the capacity of payment is dependent to the export capacity of a country, then an extra amount of money utilised to promote production and exports could boost the service in a certain time. Following this logic, if debtors are reduced part of the immediate debt service demanded to a quantity that leaves enough capital to execute the required movements to increase the exports then, in the future and as a result of debt relief, the total service capacity of the country is likely to increase in the future. Promoting as well the debtor production capacity and his possibilities on new loans (Krugman, 1988; Sachs, 1988). On the other hand, after debt relief, there is a high possibility that a country accumulate a similar amount of debt as the relieved in order to restore the ratio of net worth to GDP from before the original loan. Despite the fact that high-debt countries might show symptoms of decreasing production, relief can encourage new debt acquisition that would be toxic in the future to a debtor that is reducing its assets and with them, the capacity to repay the new services (Easterly, 2002). Another factor to take into account is the economic policies of the debtor country. Burnside and Dollar (2000) argue that aid only increases economic growth on countries with good policies, whether in those with bad ones, it creates little to no effect on growth. Debt relief are granted depending on the policies of a country that are considered to be improving to the best, but this favours the changes in policies and not quality of the policies. The criteria on the policies is measured by a contrast on their evolution. This provides a way to grant aid to countries with a bad set of policies that changed it for what is considered a good set, in order to get the aid. But without regarding the possibility that after granting it, the country will change back to increase their probabilities of future aid in the future by going back and forth on this motion (Burnside and Dollar, 2000). Finally, we should consider that a vicious circle could be constructed from the debt relief of a country and the consequent possibility of a new loan. Even though it might be clear that lending is not stimulating or increasing in any way the countrys capacity to export and therefore to pay services, creditors are inclined to provide new loans on the risk that a default will be declared and all their services remain unpaid (Easterly, 2002). The Argentinean case History The history of Argentinean debt dates back to the early XIX century, when the government of the city of Buenos Aires was granted a loan to finance the ongoing wars that would later determinate the political unity and territorial integrity of the country. After four years, the government declared a default that would last for another 29 years (Bruno, 2006). Moving forward to more recent times, it is possible to separate the history of Argentinean debt into three parts (Damil, Frenkel and Rapetti, 2005). Between 1977 and 1983, during the coup governments, in which the amount of the total debt increased by three times and service went from representing a 40% of exports to a 90%. By the mid-1970s the total debt was not bigger than 8.000 millions of U.S. dollars and that quantity rose to 45.000 million in 1983 (Kulfas and Schorr, 2003). During this time, liquidity was prominent in the U.S. banks due to the increase on the price of oil from 3 to 12 dollars between 1972 and 1974. Recourses provided by the contraction of this debt where wasted on unproductive imports such as armament, instead of being used to finance production and increase the countrys capacity to export (Carro, 2006). The second segment identified is from 1983 to 1990, characterised by the suspension of most public debt on the grounds of the illegality of those in power at the moment of receiving it. Democratic president Alfonsin, firmly stated that there was no reason to pay a debt from a de facto government that misused the financial resource in corrupt means. Alfonsin tried to renegotiate with de accreditors the debts and also tried to create an international union of Latin American Countries in debt to gain political power over the creditors. During this period, the amount owed rose a 44.8% (Carro, 2006). The last part from the 1990 to the year 2001 again centred in financial aperture and accelerated indebtedness promoted by president Menem and his Chicago School thinking (Damil, Frenkel and Rapetti, 2005). The country underwent a series of structural changes. In 1993 the Brady Plan was implemented. It had two central ideas. First it was clear that the indebted economies would not be able to repay if certain degree of it was relieved. Second, it proposes the IMF and the World Bank grant new loans to this countries to increase their productive capacity and in this way, generate the income needed to pay the remaining debt (Godoy Ortiz, Aspiroz, Aulita, Mason, Semino, Fonrouge and Zille, 2004). This plan was supposed to be the definitive solution to the debt, but instead it created a window to increase it, and without the proper control mechanisms on the quality of the spending, it had the same result as the one contracted in the 70s. On 2001, Argentina defaulted again (Kulfas and Schorr , 2003). In the following graph we can see how the Argentinean public debt evolved from 1993 to 2004. Source: Bleger. Del Sur hacia el Norte: Economà ­a polà ­tica del orden econà ³mico internacional. Emergente. In Deuda externa y soberanà ­a: anà ¡lisis y lecciones de la reciente reestructuracià ³n. 2007. CLACSO. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Conditionality vs Debt Relief Since 1990, the IMF scheduled more than 50 technical advisories missions. After the 2001 default, the organism started a study which concluded that the IMF had not had enough strength in the conditionality of previous agreements to enforce real change in the Argentinean economy and that led to such a disastrous conclusions (Bleger, 2007). Argentina defaulted because it could not really afford the services that where expected from the different debts contracted. The country had entered the vicious circle of conditionality, living from the international loans and debts without fomenting the industry enough to produce the expected return that would provide means for service payment (Sachs, 1985). Living on the shadow of recent coups that acted mainly as solution to economic crises no government was ready to face the political cost of investing and shortening consumption with the consequence of facing a recession. There were few years in between the military coups of democratic governments that tried to impulse production, but came to a violent end due to the economic pressures and resulted again in a second series of coups. That context led to the incitation to consumption that would led Argentina towards a dead end path on debt. At the start of his presidential term, Nestor Kirchner decided to seek a solution for the end the debt problem in Argentina. He divided the services into those who were to be payed fully, but negotiating a new schedule, and those to which a payment would be offered but with a considerable relieve. The first added up to a total of 62 billion U.S. dollars mainly composed by debts to international organizations and countries. The other part of the debt, was mainly to private investors and accumulated up to 82 billion plus interest from the default period (Carro, 2006). In 2003, an agreement was signed between Argentina and the IMF, under which for 3 years the services comprehended on such time would be subject to relief. After hard negotiations debt restructuration of the private sector was approved by a 76% of the total holders. In 2005 a new negotiation started with the IMF to try to set conditions for a new relief of future services on the remaining debt. From this we can see how Argentina has undergone the processes of conditionality and debt relief, in a chronological order and we can sustain that conditionality has not been a solution to the Argentinean debt, but rather has made the problem worse and led to the biggest default in history from the Latin American Government. On the other hand, debt relief appears to help the country get rid of the international financial obligations and not promote further indebtedness. Nevertheless it is still important to point out that Argentina remained outside of the debt market until 2015 and therefore it was not possible to acquire further loans up until then Conclusions This essay has analysed the advantages and disadvantages of conditionality and debt relief in the particular case of Argentinean sovereign borrowing to find that the first option did not lead to an improvement of the situation of the South American countries debt situation. On the contrary, and following the research done on the matter, the impact of conditionality terms on the 90s increase the debt contracted by the government but did not reduce the ratio nor increased the capacity of the nations economy to produce the means to pay it. A complete contrary result was obtained from the measures of relief granted to Argentina after the economic crash in the first years of this century. The management of debt during the Nestor Kirchner administration based on separation, restructuring, rescheduling and relief proved successful terminating on an acceptance of the 76% of the total debt under the new terms. Academics do warn about the possibility that debt relief measures may encourage to enter a vicious circle of acquiring more debt in hope of new reliefs. But as we can see, this was not the case for the South American country. In conclusion, for the particular case of Argentina, the alternative of conditionality did not lead to success, but rather performed as a perfect example of the risks and disadvantages that may come from said measures. On the other hand, debt relief came as a solution for the historical problem of the country on the matter of debt allowing for a restructuring and a fruitful solution for all parts involved. Although the impossibility to take new loans until 2015 must be considered. Bibliography    Barry, C. Tomitova, L. 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